【论文笔记】无向图下的分布式时变二次优化(Quadratic Optimization)

写在前面

原论文:Distributed Time-Varying Quadratic Optimization for Multiple Agents under Undirected Graphs[1].

由于个人喜好问题,本文只做原论文中的Problem 2,Section 3-C,Section 3-D相关笔记。

问题描述

优化问题

min⁡f(x,t)=∑i=1nfi(xi,t)s.t.Lx=0,x∈Ω(1)\begin{aligned} \min&\quad f(x,t)=\sum_{i=1}^n f_i(x_i,t)\\ \text{s.t.}&\quad Lx=0,\quad x\in\Omega \end{aligned} \qquad (1)

其中x=[x1T,⋯ ,xnT]Tx=[x_1^T,\cdots,x_n^T]^T,Ω=Ω1×⋯×Ωn\Omega=\Omega_1\times\cdots\times \Omega_n。

分布式算法

改成罚函数形式

min⁡F(x,t)=∑i=1nfi(xi,t)+12βxTLx,x∈Ω(2)\min F(x,t)=\sum_{i=1}^n f_i(x_i,t)+\frac{1}{2}\beta x^TLx,\quad x\in\Omega\qquad (2)

罚函数投影算法

x˙i=kPΩi(xi−α∂fi(xi,t)∂xi−αβ∑j=1naij(xi−xj))−kxi(3)\dot x_i=kP_{\Omega_i}\left(x_i-\alpha \frac{\partial f_i(x_i,t)}{\partial x_i}-\alpha\beta\sum_{j=1}^n a_{ij}(x_i-x_j) \right)-kx_i\qquad (3)

其中α\alpha、kk是待定参数。

结论与证明

Lemma 3[2]: For all x,y∈Rnx,y\in\mathbb R^n and a nonempy compact set K⊂RnK\subset \mathbb R^n, ∥PK(x)−PK(y)∥≤∥x−y∥\|P_K(x)-P_K(y)\|\leq \|x-y\|.

Lemma 6: x∗(t)x^*(t) is an optimal solution of (2) if and only if for some fixed α>0\alpha>0, PΩ(−α∂F(x∗(t),t)∂x+x∗(t))=x∗(t)P_\Omega(-\alpha\frac{\partial F(x^*(t),t)}{\partial x}+x^*(t))=x^*(t), ∀x∈Ω\forall x\in\Omega, t>t0t>t_0.

注意到Lemma 6成立,是因为0∈∂F(x∗)+NΩ(x∗)0\in\partial F(x^*)+N_\Omega(x^*)(Lemma 2.1[3])。

最优条件得到了,下一步就是收敛性。

Theorem 5: The updating law in (3) guarantees ∥x(t)−x∗(t)∥\|x(t)-x^*(t)\| uniformly ultimately bounded as t→∞t\to \infty with ultimate bound ∥x(t)−x∗(t)∥≤12k(1−εL)−1ωˉL\|x(t)-x^*(t)\|\leq \sqrt{\frac{1}{2k(1-\varepsilon_L)-1}}\bar \omega_L, where 0<εL<10<\varepsilon_L<1 is a positive constant, ωˉL\bar \omega_L is the upper bound of ∥x˙∗(t)∥\|\dot x^*(t)\|, provided that there exist positive constants q1q_1 and q2≥q1q_2\geq q_1 such that q1I≤R(t)≤q2Iq_1 I\leq R(t)\leq q_2I, x˙∗(t)\dot x^*(t) exists, the elements in R(t)R(t) and x∗(t)x^*(t), x˙∗(t)\dot x^*(t) are bounded and the control parameters εL,α,β\varepsilon_L, \alpha,\beta and kk are chosen such that

q2+βλmax(L)−q1q2+βλmax(L)+q1<εL<1,k>12(1−εL),1−εLq1<α<1+εLq2+βλmax(L).\begin{aligned} \frac{q_2+\beta \lambda_\text{max} (L)-q_1}{q_2+\beta\lambda_\text{max}(L)+q_1}&<\varepsilon_L<1,\quad k>\frac{1}{2(1-\varepsilon_L)},\\ \frac{1-\varepsilon_L}{q_1}&<\alpha<\frac{1+\varepsilon_L}{q_2+\beta\lambda_\text{max}(L)}. \end{aligned}

证明:注意到原论文考虑二次代价函数,即

F(x,t)=12xT(R(t)+βL)x+sT(t)x+h(t)F(x,t) = \frac{1}{2}x^T(R(t)+\beta L)x+s^T(t)x+h(t)

则有

∂F(x,t)∂x=R(t)x+βLx+s(t)\frac{\partial F(x,t)}{\partial x} = R(t)x+\beta Lx+s(t)

式(3)重写为

x˙=kPΩ(x−αR(t)x−βLx−αs(t))−x\dot x=kP_\Omega(x-\alpha R(t)x-\beta Lx-\alpha s(t))-x

定义李雅普诺夫函数V=12eTeV=\frac{1}{2}e^Te,其中e=x−x∗(t)e=x-x^*(t),x∗(t)x^*(t)满足PΩ(x∗(t)−αR(t)x∗(t)−αβLx∗(t)−αs(t))=x∗(t)P_\Omega(x^*(t)-\alpha R(t)x^*(t)-\alpha\beta L x^*(t)-\alpha s(t))=x^*(t)。

那么,可以得到

PΩ(x−αR(t)x−αs(t))−x=PΩ(e+x∗(t)−αR(t)e−αR(t)x∗(t)−αβLe−αβLx∗(t)−αs(t))−PΩ(x∗(t)−αR(t)x∗(t)−αβLx∗(t)−αs(t))−e\begin{aligned} P_\Omega&(x-\alpha R(t)x-\alpha s(t))-x\\ &=P_\Omega(e+x^*(t)-\alpha R(t)e-\alpha R(t)x^*(t)-\alpha\beta Le -\alpha\beta L x^*(t) -\alpha s(t))\\ &\quad -P_\Omega(x^*(t)-\alpha R(t)x^*(t)-\alpha \beta L x^*(t) -\alpha s(t))-e \end{aligned}

李雅普诺夫函数对时间导数为

V˙=eT(kPΩ(x−αR(t)x−αβLx−αs(t))−kx−x˙∗(t))≤−keTe+k∥e∥∥ζ∥+∥e∥∥x˙∗(t)∥\begin{aligned} \dot V&=e^T(kP_\Omega(x-\alpha R(t)x-\alpha \beta L x-\alpha s(t))-kx-\dot x^*(t))\\ &\leq -ke^Te+k\|e\|\|\zeta\|+\|e\|\|\dot x^*(t)\| \end{aligned}

其中

ζ=PΩ(e+x∗(t)−αR(t)e−αR(t)x∗(t)−αβLe−αβLx∗(t)−αs(t))−PΩ(x∗(t)−αR(t)x∗(t)−αβLx∗(t)−αs(t))\begin{aligned} \zeta &= P_\Omega(e+x^*(t)-\alpha R(t)e-\alpha R(t)x^*(t)-\alpha \beta L e-\alpha \beta L x^*(t)-\alpha s(t))\\ &\quad -P_\Omega(x^*(t)-\alpha R(t)x^*(t)-\alpha \beta L x^*(t)-\alpha s(t)) \end{aligned}

利用Lemma 3,可得∥ζ∥≤∥e−αR(t)e−αβLe∥\|\zeta\|\leq \|e-\alpha R(t)e-\alpha \beta L e\|,故

V˙≤−keTe+k∥e∥∥e−αR(t)e−αβLe∥+∥e∥∥x˙∗(t)∥≤−k(1−12k−∥I−αR(t)−αβL∥)∥e∥2+12∥x∗(t)∥2\begin{aligned} \dot V&\leq -ke^Te+k\|e\|\|e-\alpha R(t)e-\alpha \beta L e\|+\|e\|\|\dot x^*(t)\|\\ &\leq -k\left(1-\frac{1}{2k}-\|I-\alpha R(t)-\alpha\beta L\|\right)\|e\|^2+\frac{1}{2}\|x^*(t)\|^2 \end{aligned}

由于1−εLq1<α<1+εLq2+βλmax(L)\frac{1-\varepsilon_L}{q_1}<\alpha<\frac{1+\varepsilon_L}{q_2+\beta\lambda_\text{max}(L)}(注意λmin(L)=0\lambda_\text{min}(L)=0),可得∥I−αR(t)−αβL∥≤εL\|I-\alpha R(t)-\alpha \beta L\|\leq \varepsilon_L,即

V˙≤−k(1−12k−εL)∥e∥2+12ωˉL2\dot V\leq -k(1-\frac{1}{2k}-\varepsilon_L)\|e\|^2+\frac{1}{2}\bar \omega_L^2

因此V˙<0\dot V<0,∀∥e∥2>12k(1−εL)−1ωˉL2\forall \|e\|^2>\frac{1}{2k(1-\varepsilon_L)-1}\bar \omega_L^2。即误差一致最终有界,最终界为∥e∥≤12k(1−εL)−1ωˉL\|e\|\leq \sqrt{\frac{1}{2k(1-\varepsilon_L)-1}}\bar \omega_L。


  1. Sun, C., Ye, M., & Hu, G. (2017). Distributed Time-Varying Quadratic Optimization for Multiple Agents under Undirected Graphs. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 62(7), 3687–3694. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.2017.2673240 ↩︎

  2. Kinderlehrer, D. and Stampacchia, G. (1980). An Introduction to Variational Inequalities and Their Applications. Philadelphia, PA, USA: SIAM. ↩︎

  3. Liang, S., Zeng, X., & Hong, Y. (2018). Distributed Nonsmooth Optimization with Coupled Inequality Constraints via Modified Lagrangian Function. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 63(6), 1753–1759. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.2017.2752001 ↩︎